natureswondersbyclyde

      Seed dispersal is important to every species of plant that produces seeds.  Many, like dandelions and milkweeds have small seeds on "parachutes" that float away on the wind.  Seeds in berries pass through birds' digestive tracts and are passed later.  And prickly seed pods hitch rides on mammal fur.  Plant species that have their seeds spread into proper habitats, far and wide, and away from parent plants, have a good chance of thriving, as a species, indefinitely.        Common burdocks and common cockleburs have burs in their names, and for good reason.  These  plants have characteristics in common, particularly in how their seeds are dispersed over the countryside and away from the parent plants.  Burdocks and cockleburs have bristly seed capsules that, not only protect the seeds inside them until they mature, but those pods break off and hitch rides in the fur of mammals, including foxes, rabbits, deer,...

      Atlantic mudskippers are well-named.  They are ten inch, semi-aquatic fish that live on Atlantic Ocean coast mudflats, including those flats with mangrove tree forests growing on them, in a hot, humid climate along the western shore of Africa.  They are diurnal, amphibious fish that live three-quarters of their lives on mud flats and the rest in brackish or salt water down the burrows they dig into coastal flats, a niche they are well adapted to.        All species of mudskippers need to be always moist to be able to absorb oxygen through their skins, mouths and gill chambers, much like amphibians, frogs and salamanders, do.  Mudskippers even store water in their gill chambers to retain moisture to breathe when foraging for tiny fish and crustaceans, and worms and other invertebrates, or mates, on the flats and in shallows.  Scales and mucus also help them retain moisture.        Atlantic mudskipp...

      From 5 to 6:30 pm on August 8 of this year, I sat on our deck in New Holland, Pennsylvania to enjoy the beautiful, green scenery of numerous trees and shrubs, and watch for interesting wildlife I regularly see on our back lawn in summer.  I saw the usual couple each of gray squirrels and cottontail rabbits on the ground under a neighbor's bird feeders, a pair of northern cardinals, a catbird, a family of blue jays, a few mourning doves, and several each of house finches and house sparrows, all of which I like to see.        But I was also happy to see several each of chimney swifts and barn swallows streaking, sweeping and zig-zagging across the sky after flying insects they caught on the wing and ingested.  And I was thrilled to see a couple of monarch butterflies on our butterfly bushes and about a half dozen adult spotted lanternflies on our deck and around our back yard.             The swifts...

      We spent a couple of days along the Rappahannock River on the Northern Neck peninsula in northern Virginia during the end of July, 2026.  The Northern Neck has a beautiful, rural countryside of meadows, soybean and corn fields, and patches of deciduous woods.  But of most interest for me those two days was the Rappahannock and its wildlife.      All the birds I saw along that river were large and obvious, and catchers of fish.  But they snare fishy prey in different ways and seek them in a variety of sizes, all of which reduces competition among those river and impoundment birds, allowing them to live together in harmony.        I saw one or two each of great blue herons, green herons and great egrets from that house along the Rappahannock.  All those birds perched handsomely on docks and pilings in the river, and stealthily waded on long legs along the shallow shores of the river to catch fish.  Each ...

      Scientists claim that over many millions of years, whales evolved from a kind of land-based, bear-like creatures that slowly adapted to getting food from the oceans, becoming the mammals they are today.  And it seems that, early on, sperm whales diverged from the baleen whales to take advantage of different food sources, other than the baleens' sieving tiny plants and animals from the oceans' surfaces.  Sperm whales evolved different mouth structures and habits than baleen whales, to hunt giant squid, octopi, sharks, rays and larger fish in cold, dark, crushing ocean water over a half mile down.  Sperm whales have 52, cone-shaped teeth on their narrow lower jaws that catch the animals listed above, just like bears and wolves do.        Sperm whales are unique.  They are the only whales that adapted to diving so deep to get food, a practice that took eons to perfect.  They are able to stay submerged for up to two hour...

      Every July, in recent years, through live cameras and our computer screen, I watch several brown bears catch many mature sockeye salmon swimming up Brooks River in Katmai National Park in Alaska to spawn.  That park is in southern Alaska, at the base of the Aleutian Island chain that juts into the northern Pacific Ocean.         After a few years feeding on small creatures in the Pacific Ocean, hordes of sockeyes swim along the Alaskan Coast until they smell the river they hatched in.  Then they tirelessly push up the river {Brooks River}, day after day, by the hundreds of thousands to the gravelly shallows where they hatched.  They wiggle over rocky shallows, leap ten foot waterfalls and slip swiftly through deeper waters to reach their destination.  But many salmon don't make it to their spawning spots because of the unceasing predations of brown bears.           Brown bears compete with ea...